What was the Great Schism of 1054? What were the causes and effects of this event?
"The Eatst-West Schism, also called Schism of 1054, event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western church (led by Pope Leo IX). The mutual excommunications by the pope and the patriarch in 1054 became a watershed in church history. The excommunications were not lifted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I, following their historic meeting in Jerusalem in 1964, presided over simultaneous ceremonies that revoked the excommunication decrees." (Britannica Academic, 2024)
The librarians recommend the following databases and websites for additional research. You are required to use at least one additional source in your presentation, but are welcome to use more.
Reference sources that provide general background information and definitions. Includes the complete encyclopedia and links to related and reputable websites on a given subject.
Provides biographies of and information about influential individuals in modern and historical times.
Offers information on some of the most influential people, events, and topics in World History.
Offers sources on major controversies and events from the ancient to modern world.
Provides reference articles spanning 25 different subject areas.
Research guide from Yale University offering a wide range of recommended sources relating to the history of Christianity.